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chore(deps): update overrides brace-expansion@1 to v5 [security] - #2073
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This PR contains the following updates:
>=1.1.21→>=5.0.12brace-expansion: DoS via exponential-time expansion of consecutive non-expanding {} groups
CVE-2026-13149 / GHSA-3jxr-9vmj-r5cp
More information
Details
Summary
brace-expansion's expand() exhibits exponential-time - O(2ⁿ) - behavior in the number of consecutive non-expanding {} groups. A short, all-ASCII input (~90 bytes/30 groups) blocks the calling thread for minutes; a slightly longer input hangs it effectively indefinitely. Because the dominant consumers run on Node's single-threaded event loop, one small input can fully stall a worker/process.
In
expand_,postis computed unconditionally at the top of the function, before the early-return branches that don't use it:For input like a{},{},…, the first {} is non-expanding, so control reaches the {a},b} rewrite branch - but
expand_has already recursed into post over the entire remaining tail, only to throw the result away.Each level therefore spawns two recursive expansions over essentially the same remaining work:
T(n) = 2·T(n−1) ⇒ O(2ⁿ).The max option does not mitigate this: max only bounds the output-building loops; neither the post recursion nor the rewrite recursion consults it.
Measured on 5.0.6:
Proof of concept
Impact
Any application that passes attacker-influenced strings to brace-expansion.expand() - directly or transitively via minimatch/glob brace patterns - can be driven into a multi-minute-to-indefinite CPU hang by a tiny request, denying service on that thread/process.
Remediation
Upgrade to a patched release. The fix:
Verified: the PoC drops from ~2 min to 0.55 ms, 5,000 groups complete in ~344 ms, and output is identical to 5.0.6 across a behavioral-equivalence suite (sequences, padding, $-prefix, a{},b}c, {},a}b, x{{a,b}}y, etc.). Post-fix complexity is ~O(n²) on this input class - acceptable for the security fix; a linear rewrite can be a non-urgent follow-up.
If immediate upgrade isn't possible, avoid passing untrusted input to expand() / glob brace patterns, or run such expansion under a timeout/worker.
Severity
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/S:N/AU:Y/R:U/V:D/RE:M/U:AmberReferences
This data is provided by the GitHub Advisory Database (CC-BY 4.0).
brace-expansion: DoS via unbounded expansion length causing an out-of-memory process crash
CVE-2026-14257 / GHSA-mh99-v99m-4gvg
More information
Details
Summary
expand()bounds the number of results it produces (themaxoption,100_000by default) but not their length. By chaining many brace groups,an attacker keeps the result count under
maxwhile making every result growwith the number of groups. Building
maxlong results — plus the intermediatearrays combined at each brace group — exhausts memory and crashes the Node
process with an uncatchable out-of-memory error.
try/catcharoundexpand()does not help: the fatal error terminates the process.A ~7.5 KB input (
'{a,b}'.repeat(1500)) is enough to crash a default Nodeprocess.
Details
For
Nchained brace groups such as'{a,b}'.repeat(N):2^N, immediately capped atmax(100_000), so themaxprotection appears to hold, butNcharacters long, so the total output size ismax × Ncharacters, which grows without bound inN.expand_combines each brace set with the fully-expanded tail:The loop guard
expansions.length < maxlimits how many strings are built, butnothing limits how long they get. Each recursion level materializes another
array of up to
maxstrings, one character longer than the level below, and —because V8 represents
pre + N[j] + post[k]as a cons-string (rope) thatreferences
post[k]— those intermediate strings stay reachable through thewhole chain. Memory therefore scales with
max × N.Measured on
5.0.7('{a,b}'.repeat(N), defaultmax):Proof of concept
Impact
Any application that passes attacker-influenced strings to
brace-expansion.expand()— directly, or transitively viaminimatch/globbrace patterns — can be crashed by a small request. Because the failure is a
fatal V8 out-of-memory error rather than a thrown exception, it cannot be caught
and it takes down the whole worker/process, denying service.
Remediation
Upgrade to a patched release. The fix bounds the total number of characters a
single
expand()call may accumulate (EXPANSION_MAX_LENGTH, default4_000_000, configurable via a newmaxLengthoption), applied inside theoutput-building loops so intermediate arrays are bounded too. Once the limit is
reached, output is truncated — consistent with how
maxalready truncates —instead of growing without bound. The limit sits well above any realistic
expansion (100,000 results hitting
maxmeasure ~1M characters), so legitimateinput is unaffected.
After the fix,
'{a,b}'.repeat(1500)returns a bounded, truncated result in~0.7 s using ~340 MB and never crashes, including under a constrained 512 MB
heap.
The fix bounds memory but the algorithm still rebuilds intermediate arrays at
each level (roughly
O(N × maxLength)work on this input class). A streamingrewrite that produces output in
O(total output size)can be a non-urgentfollow-up.
If immediate upgrade isn't possible, avoid passing untrusted input to
expand()/ glob brace patterns, or pass a small explicitmaxandmaxLength.Severity
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:HReferences
This data is provided by the GitHub Advisory Database (CC-BY 4.0).
brace-expansion: DoS via unbounded intermediate arrays, bypassing the CVE-2026-14257 mitigation
CVE-2026-69152 / GHSA-rgw5-rvv9-x895
More information
Details
Summary
The
maxLengthmitigation added in5.0.8for GHSA-mh99-v99m-4gvg / CVE-2026-14257 is incomplete. It bounds the accumulator where results are combined, but not the intermediate arrays that feed it. A ~25 KB input still crashes the Node process with an uncatchable out-of-memory error, sotry/catcharoundexpand()does not help.A second, related path in the same function lets a ~400 KB input block the event loop for over two minutes without ever exceeding the memory bound.
Details
maxLengthwas enforced incombine(), the single place output grows. Two arrays are built beforecombine()runs, and neither was bounded.1. Comma alternatives accumulate without a running total (memory exhaustion)
Each alternative in
{a,b,c,...}is expanded by its own recursiveexpand_()call, so each receives a full, independentmaxLengthallowance. The results were then concatenated into a singlevaluesarray with no cumulative limit:With
Aalternatives,valuescan reachA * maxLengthcharacters beforecombine()gets a chance to truncate it. At the defaultmaxLengthof 4,000,000 and 400 alternatives, that is well past any default heap.2. Padded sequences ignore
maxLengthwhile generating (CPU exhaustion)expandSequence()was bounded bymax(the result count) but never consultedmaxLength. A padded sequence's element width follows the input, so{0...01..100000}with a wide pad generatesmaxelements, each as wide as the input, only forcombine()to discard all but a handful.Memory stays flat here, because V8 represents the padded strings as cons-strings, which is likely why this path was not caught alongside the original issue. The cost is time: work proportional to
max * width.Output is byte-identical before and after the fix; only the wasted work is removed.
Proof of concept
Memory exhaustion, against
5.0.8:Event-loop stall, against
5.0.8:Impact
Denial of service. Any application that passes attacker-controlled input to
expand(), directly or transitively through a glob or pattern-matching library, can be remotely crashed or stalled. The out-of-memory variant terminates the process and cannot be handled withtry/catch.Applications already on
5.0.8are affected: the5.0.8mitigation does not cover these paths.Patches
Both intermediate arrays are now bounded as they are built, using the same
maxandmaxLengthlimits already applied incombine():valuestracks a running result count and character length while alternatives are appended, and stops once either bound is reached.expandSequence()acceptsmaxLengthand stops generating once the sequence's own characters reach it.As with the existing limits, output is truncated rather than allowed to grow without bound, which matches how
maxalready behaves. The defaults sit well above any realistic expansion, so legitimate input is unaffected.Workarounds
If upgrading is not immediately possible, avoid passing untrusted input to
expand()or to glob brace patterns, or pass an explicitly smallmaxandmaxLength.Note that a small
maxLengthalone was not sufficient on affected versions: it was applied per alternative rather than cumulatively, which is the root of the first issue above.Credits
The memory-exhaustion bypass was reported by Alessio Della Libera, CEO & Co-founder at Numyra.
The sequence-generation issue was found while verifying that report.
Severity
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:HReferences
This data is provided by the GitHub Advisory Database (CC-BY 4.0).
brace-expansion: Quadratic-time expansion of the
{a},b}rewrite causes CPU denial of serviceCVE-2026-102277 / GHSA-q2hr-2g5m-vwhr
More information
Details
Summary
Expanding
{a},b}-shaped input takes time quadratic in the number of literal}characters, blocking the event loop.Bash preserves a quirk where a brace group followed by a comma set still expands (
{a},b}). The parser implements this by rewriting the string and restarting the scan. Each pass absorbs exactly one}and re-scans from the beginning, sontrailing braces costnfull passes.Reproduction
ms/n^2is flat at ~1.7 and each doubling ofncosts exactly 4.0x - quadratic. 128 KB of input blocks the event loop for nearly half a minute to produce two results.Mechanism
Instrumenting the rewrite branch confirms it runs exactly
n + 1times, once per literal}, each re-scanning the whole string.There is a second multiplier. The rewrite replaces the group's closing
}with the internalescClosesentinel, which is'\0CLOSE' + Math.random() + '\0'- about 25 characters. The working string therefore grows by ~25 characters on every pass:So the input is inflated roughly 26x, and that factor multiplies both the quadratic constant and peak memory. This makes it partly a memory-pressure issue as well as a CPU one.
Why
maxandmaxLengthdo not helpThe cost is in parsing, before the result set exists. The payload yields 2 results regardless of size, so neither bound is ever reached.
Impact
An application passing an untrusted pattern to
expand(), directly or throughminimatch/glob, can have its event loop blocked for tens of seconds by a payload well under minimatch's 65,536-character cap. For a single-threaded Node server that is a full stall, not just a slow request.Degraded availability rather than a crash - the process recovers once the expansion completes.
Affected versions
Verified affected on 1.1.18, 2.1.4, 3.0.6 and 5.0.9, all within a few percent of each other (~460-490 ms at n=16,000).
Patch
The rewrite loop gets an iteration bound. Past the cap the remaining string is treated as non-expanding and returned literally, consistent with the existing
max/maxLengthcaps, which truncate rather than throw.Note this bounds the number of passes, not the cost of each: worst-case work remains proportional to
cap x input length. The cap is set low enough that the residual is bounded in practice, and far above what any realistic{a},b}input needs.Severity note
Scored 5.3 Medium (
A:L) for consistency with GHSA-3jxr-9vmj-r5cp, the other algorithmic-complexity advisory on this package (CWE-407), which uses the same vector. The stack-exhaustion advisories on this package scoreA:Hbecause they crash the process outright; this one stalls it.Severity
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:LReferences
This data is provided by the GitHub Advisory Database (CC-BY 4.0).
brace-expansion: DoS via uncontrolled recursion on nested brace groups causing stack exhaustion
CVE-2026-102278 / GHSA-qhr7-859c-m2p7
More information
Details
Summary
expand_()recurses once per level of brace nesting. Deeply nested input exhausts the native stack and crashes the process.This is distinct from CVE-2026-14257 / GHSA-mh99-v99m-4gvg, which made the tail iterative (recursion on
m.post, driven by how many groups are chained). Nesting depth drives a different recursion that the tail fix never touched, so the documented constant-stack-depth guarantee only ever covered chained input, not nested input.It is also distinct from GHSA-6j4f-fj2g-mc7p, which fixed recursion in
parseCommaParts(). Both payloads below still crash with that fix applied.Two recursion sites
Comma members. Each alternative of a brace set is expanded by a recursive call, so nesting a set inside every alternative recurses once per level:
Crashes at depth 3,907 - about 15.6 KB of input.
Single set. A brace set whose body parses to a single part is expanded by a recursive call before being re-wrapped (
x{{a,b}}y->x{a}y x{b}y), which recurses once per nesting level:Crashes at depth 3,125 - about 6.25 KB of input. This is the cheapest stack-exhaustion payload known against this package: roughly a quarter the input of GHSA-6j4f-fj2g-mc7p (29 KB), and about a tenth of minimatch's
MAX_PATTERN_LENGTH(65,536).Why
maxandmaxLengthdo not helpBoth crashes happen while recursing into sub-expansions, before the result set grows. The payloads produce almost no output - the single-set case yields 2 results - so neither bound is ever the limiter.
expand(payload, { max: 1, maxLength: 1 })still overflows.Impact
Any application passing an untrusted string to
expand(), directly or throughminimatch/globas a user-supplied glob pattern, can be crashed. In Node aRangeErrorthe application does not catch terminates the process, so a server globbing user input is exposed to remote unauthenticated denial of service.Availability only. No code execution, no data exposure.
Affected versions
Verified affected on 1.1.18, 2.1.4, 3.0.6 and 5.0.9, at near-identical depths on every line (single set: 3,125 on all four; comma members: 3,907-4,102). Not a regression from any recent fix - the gap predates them.
Patch
A
maxDepthbound (defaultEXPANSION_MAX_DEPTH) is threaded throughexpand_(). Past the cap a group is treated as non-expanding and returned literally, which is how the parser already handles a group that cannot expand. This matches the existingmax/maxLengthcaps, which truncate rather than throw, soexpand()continues never to throw on any input.The default sits far above any realistic nesting depth and well below the crash threshold.
Severity
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:HReferences
This data is provided by the GitHub Advisory Database (CC-BY 4.0).
brace-expansion: DoS via uncontrolled recursion in parseCommaParts causing stack exhaustion
CVE-2026-102276 / GHSA-6j4f-fj2g-mc7p
More information
Details
Summary
parseCommaParts()can exhaust the native stack and crash the process. There are two distinct ways to trigger it, both reachable from a single untrusted pattern string.This is the parsing-side counterpart to CVE-2026-14257 / GHSA-mh99-v99m-4gvg. That fix made
expand_()iterative and documented a constant-stack-depth guarantee, butparseCommaParts()was left recursive, so the guarantee only held for one of the two parsing paths.Vector 1 - unbounded recursion on
postparseCommaParts()recursed on the remainder of the string once per brace group:A brace group containing many comma-separated groups drives one recursion level per group:
About 7,300 repetitions - roughly 29 KB of input - is enough on Node 24; roughly 6,300 (25 KB) on Node 18. The threshold is identical on every affected release line.
Vector 2 -
push.applywith an unbounded arrayEven with the recursion removed,
parseCommaParts()spread whole arrays into an argument list:Function.prototype.applyplaces one argument per element on the stack, so a single large array overflows it. This needs no recursion depth at all - the following reaches a recursion depth of exactly 1:Threshold is about 124,300 repetitions (~249 KB). This vector was not part of the original report; it was found while verifying the fix. A patch that only de-recurses but keeps
push.applyleaves a working denial of service behind.Why
maxandmaxLengthdo not helpBoth crashes happen during parsing, before any expansion. The payloads produce one result per group, so output size grows linearly with input and is never the limiter.
expand(payload, { max: 1, maxLength: 1 })still overflows.Impact
Any application that passes an untrusted string to
expand()- directly, or throughminimatch/globwhere it is a user-supplied glob pattern - can be crashed. In Node, aRangeErrorthat the application does not catch terminates the process, so a server that globs user input is exposed to remote unauthenticated denial of service.minimatch's ownMAX_PATTERN_LENGTHcap (65,536) does not help against vector 1: the overflow threshold sits well below it. Confirmed on minimatch 10.2.6 - a 64,003-byte pattern passes the length check and overflows bothminimatch.braceExpand()andnew minimatch.Minimatch().This is an availability-only issue. No code execution and no data exposure.
Not a regression
5.0.8 and 5.0.9 overflow at the same repetition count, so the gap predates the recent advisories; those fixes simply did not reach it. Verified affected on 1.1.18, 2.1.4, 3.0.6, 5.0.8 and 5.0.9, all at an identical threshold.
Patch
parseCommaParts()is rewritten as a loop that carries the partial part across chunks, and every array append uses an element-by-element loop rather thanpush.apply. The redundantif (!str) return ['']guard is dropped - the loop returns['']for the empty string on its own.Equivalence of the old and new implementations was checked by differential testing: exhaustive over every string of
{,},,,aup to length 7 plus 300,000 random inputs - 322,000 cases, zero mismatches.Severity note
Scored 7.5 High under CVSS 3.1 for consistency with the other availability advisories on this package (GHSA-mh99-v99m-4gvg, GHSA-rgw5-rvv9-x895), which use the same vector. The reporter self-assessed 6.9 Medium under CVSS 4.0 (
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N).Credit
Reported by baeseungwon1010, with a working proof of concept and a proposed patch. Vector 2 was identified during maintainer verification.
Severity
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:HReferences
This data is provided by the GitHub Advisory Database (CC-BY 4.0).
Release Notes
juliangruber/brace-expansion (brace-expansion@1)
v5.0.12Compare Source
v5.0.11Compare Source
v5.0.10Compare Source
v5.0.9Compare Source
v5.0.8Compare Source
v5.0.7Compare Source
v5.0.6Compare Source
v5.0.5Compare Source
v5.0.4Compare Source
v5.0.3Compare Source
v5.0.2Compare Source
v4.0.1Compare Source
5a5cc170b6a978v4.0.0Compare Source
278132bdd72a59tea.yaml70e4c1bAs a precaution to not risk breaking anything with
278132b, this is a new semver major releasev3.0.9Compare Source
v3.0.8Compare Source
v3.0.7Compare Source
v3.0.6Compare Source
v3.0.5Compare Source
v3.0.4Compare Source
v3.0.3Compare Source
v3.0.2Compare Source
v3.0.1Compare Source
3059c078229e6f15f9b3cv3.0.0Compare Source
c0360e868c0e379e781e93494c4ddd5a4cb6dad209teste3dd8aed23ede91eb3fa41e7c9cd252053761a94f1dc741cf8ee56265c8756a05978a7v2.1.7Compare Source
v2.1.6Compare Source
v2.1.5Compare Source
v2.1.4Compare Source
v2.1.3Compare Source
v2.1.2Compare Source
v2.1.1Compare Source
c3a817cv2.1.0Compare Source
v2.0.3Compare Source
v2.0.2Compare Source
14f1d91ed7780a36603d5v2.0.1Compare Source
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