diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 19ae1ea..a8068c7 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 
 ## Unreleased
 
+### Fixed
+
+- Reject JSON and multipart bodies that webonyx parses as a batch with non-object entries, such as `{"query":"…","0":"x"}`, instead of letting them cause a `TypeError`
+
 ## v2.3.1
 
 ### Fixed
diff --git a/src/RequestParser.php b/src/RequestParser.php
index 450e551..da25171 100644
--- a/src/RequestParser.php
+++ b/src/RequestParser.php
@@ -65,20 +65,8 @@ protected function bodyParams(Request $request): array
 
         $bodyParams = $request->post();
 
-        if (is_array($bodyParams) && count($bodyParams) > 0) {
-            if (Arr::isAssoc($bodyParams)) {
-                return $bodyParams;
-            }
-
-            $allAssoc = true;
-            foreach ($bodyParams as $bodyParam) {
-                if (! is_array($bodyParam) || ! Arr::isAssoc($bodyParam)) {
-                    $allAssoc = false;
-                }
-            }
-            if ($allAssoc) {
-                return $bodyParams;
-            }
+        if (is_array($bodyParams) && count($bodyParams) > 0 && $this->isOperationOrBatch($bodyParams)) {
+            return $bodyParams;
         }
 
         if ($request->isJson()) {
@@ -158,6 +146,27 @@ protected function inlineFiles(Request $request): array
             }
         }
 
+        if (! $this->isOperationOrBatch($operations)) {
+            throw new BadMultipartRequestGraphQLException('Expected parameter operations to be an object or a list of objects.');
+        }
+
         return $operations;
     }
+
+    /** @param array<mixed> $params */
+    protected function isOperationOrBatch(array $params): bool
+    {
+        // \GraphQL\Server\Helper::parseRequestParams() treats any body with a non-null key 0 as a batch
+        if (! isset($params[0]) && Arr::isAssoc($params)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($params as $operation) {
+            if (! is_array($operation) || ! Arr::isAssoc($operation)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Unit/RequestParserTest.php b/tests/Unit/RequestParserTest.php
index 1a91f9c..a705d69 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/RequestParserTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/RequestParserTest.php
@@ -207,6 +207,57 @@ public function testInvalidJson(): void
         $parser->parseRequest($request);
     }
 
+    public function testObjectWithNumericKeyIsNotABatch(): void
+    {
+        $request = $this->makeRequest(
+            'POST',
+            [],
+            [],
+            ['Content-Type' => 'application/json'],
+            '{"query":"{ foo }","0":"not an operation"}'
+        );
+        $parser = new RequestParser();
+
+        $this->expectException(BadRequestGraphQLException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('GraphQL Server expects JSON object or array, but got: {"query":"{ foo }","0":"not an operation"}');
+
+        $parser->parseRequest($request);
+    }
+
+    public function testBatchWithNonObjectEntry(): void
+    {
+        $request = $this->makeRequest(
+            'POST',
+            [],
+            [],
+            ['Content-Type' => 'application/json'],
+            '[{"query":"{ foo }"},"not an operation"]'
+        );
+        $parser = new RequestParser();
+
+        $this->expectException(BadRequestGraphQLException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('GraphQL Server expects JSON object or array, but got: [{"query":"{ foo }"},"not an operation"]');
+
+        $parser->parseRequest($request);
+    }
+
+    public function testBatchStartingWithNull(): void
+    {
+        $request = $this->makeRequest(
+            'POST',
+            [],
+            [],
+            ['Content-Type' => 'application/json'],
+            '[null]'
+        );
+        $parser = new RequestParser();
+
+        $this->expectException(BadRequestGraphQLException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('GraphQL Server expects JSON object or array, but got: [null]');
+
+        $parser->parseRequest($request);
+    }
+
     public function testNonArrayJson(): void
     {
         $request = $this->makeRequest(
@@ -385,6 +436,70 @@ public function testMultipartFormWithNonArrayOperations(): void
         $parser->parseRequest($request);
     }
 
+    public function testMultipartFormWithOperationsObjectWithNumericKey(): void
+    {
+        $request = $this->makeRequest(
+            'POST',
+            [
+                'operations' => /** @lang JSON */ '{"query":"{ foo }","0":"not an operation"}',
+                'map' => /** @lang JSON */ '{}',
+            ],
+            [],
+            [
+                'Content-Type' => 'multipart/form-data',
+            ]
+        );
+
+        $parser = new RequestParser();
+
+        $this->expectException(BadMultipartRequestGraphQLException::class);
+        $parser->parseRequest($request);
+    }
+
+    public function testMultipartFormWithBatchWithNonObjectEntry(): void
+    {
+        $request = $this->makeRequest(
+            'POST',
+            [
+                'operations' => /** @lang JSON */ '[{"query":"{ foo }"},"not an operation"]',
+                'map' => /** @lang JSON */ '{}',
+            ],
+            [],
+            [
+                'Content-Type' => 'multipart/form-data',
+            ]
+        );
+
+        $parser = new RequestParser();
+
+        $this->expectException(BadMultipartRequestGraphQLException::class);
+        $parser->parseRequest($request);
+    }
+
+    public function testMultipartFormWithMapToNumericKey(): void
+    {
+        $file = UploadedFile::fake()->create('image.jpg', 500);
+
+        $request = $this->makeRequest(
+            'POST',
+            [
+                'operations' => /** @lang JSON */ '{"query":"{ foo }"}',
+                'map' => /** @lang JSON */ '{"file":["0"]}',
+            ],
+            [
+                'file' => $file,
+            ],
+            [
+                'Content-Type' => 'multipart/form-data',
+            ]
+        );
+
+        $parser = new RequestParser();
+
+        $this->expectException(BadMultipartRequestGraphQLException::class);
+        $parser->parseRequest($request);
+    }
+
     public function testMultipartFormWithoutMap(): void
     {
         $request = $this->makeRequest(